Sweden :: essays research papers

History, Science and Technology, Justice, and Environmental Issues of SwedenDuring the seventh and eighth centuries, the Swedes were merchant seamen well know for their trade. In the ninth century, Nordic Vikings raided and ravaged the European Continent as far as the Black and Caspian Seas. During the 11th and 12th centuries, Sweden slowly became a unify Christian kingdom that later included Finland. Queen Margaret of Denmark united all the Nordic lands in the "Kalmar Union" in 1397. Frequent tension in spite of appearance the countries and within the union gradually led to open conflict between the Swedes and the Danes in the 15th century. The unions final disintegration in the early 16th century resulted in a long-lived rivalry between Norway and Denmark on one side and Sweden and Finland on the other. During and after universe War I, in which Sweden remained neutral, the nation benefited from the worldwide direct for Swedish steel, ball bearings, wood pulp, and match es. Postwar achievement provided the basis for the social welfare policies characteristic of modern Sweden. Sweden followed a policy of armed impartiality during World War II and currently remains independent. Sweden became a member of the European Union in 1995. Many of Swedens science and technology activities are carried start by the Embassy of Swedens Science and Technology office. The main mission of the Science and Technology Office is to help cooperation in research and development and other tack of knowledge between Sweden and Japan. This is done by telling decision-makers in Sweden ab out(a) developments in Japan, and by arranging study visits, workshops and other events. The office preserves general contact networks in Sweden and Japan, mainly with key persons and organizations involved in research and innovation in authorities, academia, and industry. Most of the activities of the Science and Technology Office are carried out within the framework of programs operated in close partnership with, and financed by, Swedish government agencies and other organizations with responsibilities in the particular area covered by a program. contemporary programs cover the following areas (1) Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), (2) Life Sciences and Bio-industry, (3) Sustainable Development, and (4) Overall Development of Japanese Science and Technology Policy and Innovation System.     Sweden is a inbuilt monarchy with a parliamentary form of government. According to the Swedish Constitution, all public power derives from the people. Swedens head of state, the King, has only ceremonial functions. The top branch of the national government is the Parliament, which has 349 members in one chamber.