Spirituality Essay -- essays research papers

Spirituality plays a very sub sequential role in my soulfulnessal life. setoff of all, spirituality helps me govern what is right and what is wrong in my life. Many of the decisions that I make everyday, I believe are a direct result of my spirituality. For as long as I can remember I have been raised to believe that I should live my life the way perfection would requisite me to live it. Therefore, whenever I have a decision to make, I have to consider, what is right? And what is wrong? Second of all, it also helps me to feel more secure well-nigh what will happen to my spirit once my life here on earth is over. I believe that there is a better place for our invigorate once we leave this earth. Many of my spiritual beliefs have changed over time. When I was younger I believed that in order to go to haven a mortal had to loyally attend and be actively involved in church. But, as I grew older I was taught that church is just the building in which we laudation the lord. I was ta ught that the lord could be appraised without the building. As a child I also had this image and belief that god was white. This white image that I had of God came from pictures that I saw as a child. These images and beliefs changed, as I got older because I was exposed to new information and a new way of view and I was able to investigate these things on my own.In my opinion, there isnt much of a difference between being a spiritual psyche and a religious someone. If... Spirituality Essay -- essays research papers Spirituality plays a very sub sequential role in my personal life. firstly of all, spirituality helps me govern what is right and what is wrong in my life. Many of the decisions that I make everyday, I believe are a direct result of my spirituality. For as long as I can remember I have been raised to believe that I should live my life the way God would call for me to live it. Therefore, whenever I have a decision to make, I have to consider, what i s right? And what is wrong? Second of all, it also helps me to feel more secure somewhat what will happen to my spirit once my life here on earth is over. I believe that there is a better place for our invigorate once we leave this earth. Many of my spiritual beliefs have changed over time. When I was younger I believed that in order to go to haven a person had to loyally attend and be actively involved in church. But, as I grew older I was taught that church is just the building in which we praise the lord. I was taught that the lord could be praised without the building. As a child I also had this image and belief that God was white. This white image that I had of God came from pictures that I saw as a child. These images and beliefs changed, as I got older because I was exposed to new information and a new way of opinion and I was able to investigate these things on my own.In my opinion, there isnt much of a difference between being a spiritual person and a religious person. I f...

Compare and Contrast the Way in which Emerson and Thoreau Represents Am

In the year of 1600s, the United States of America was being colonized by European countries especially by England. However, on 4th of July 1776 America became independent after having drafted the Declaration of Independence initiated by Thomas Jefferson History of the United States, Wikipedia. The difference among these two time periods shows that Britain had colonized America for about 176 years which ultimately led to prosper European cultures. Although America became an independent nation, European culture was ease playing its role. Therefore, American writers namely Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau presented an mood about American Identity. Emerson in The American Scholar and Thoreau in Walden represents the idea of American identity by connecting this concept with nature and individuality but Emerson presents his idea about American identity in an intelligent manner whereas Thoreau uses mockery to present his idea.Emerson and Thoreau both spend a penny connected the idea of nature and individuality to represent an American identity. Well, the reason for both the writers having mentioned nature and individuality is because they are transcendentalist. Ralph Waldo Emerson had first published nonfiction screen called Nature which brought about a movement called the transcendentalism (1840-1855) American Literature Timeline, Honors American Literature. This movement influenced many writers amongst who is Henry David Thoreau. Transcendentalism believed in individuality being bear on by politics and religion. They also believed in God being reflected in nature. Emerson and Thoreau both being transcendentalist had different ways of presenting their ideas about transcendentalism with regard to American identity. Emer... ...divert away from such cultures and to create a unique American identity, two transcendentalists Ralph Waldo Emerson in his literary work The American Scholar and Henry David Thoreau in Walden represents the idea of an American identity with relation to nature and individuality. However, Emerson presents his concept on American identity intelligently whereas Thoreau uses mockery to present his idea on American identity. deeds CitedAmerican literature timeline. Retrieved from msbowman1290.com/Honors_Amlit-Timeline.pdfHistory of United States. Retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the-United_StatesEmerson, R.W. (1907). The American Scholar. In Essays. Retrieved from http//www.gutenberg.org/files/16643/16643-h/16643-h.htmThoreau, H.D. (1854). Walden or life in the woods. Retrieved from http//www.gutenberg.org/files/205/205-h/205-h.htm

Human is a fallen God who remembers Heaven :: Personal Narrative Writing

Human is a fallen God who remembers HeavenRafal, why dont you participate in the contest that I was talking about. I commemorate you have a detect to win my teacher proposed. When I was in fifth grade in elementary schooltime I had my first chance to participate in an art contest. The name of the contest was spring, so kids had to draw or paint a run into that represents the landscape in the spring season. In school there were many kids who could draw and paint well. My friend Marcin really made better pictures then I did, so when I went home from school I didnt have enough faith to even try. I didnt do anything about that whole day. The next day, I told my teacher that I was not going to participate because I did not feel like I had a chance to win. At the end of the class, the teacher asked me to wait because she had something for me. That day I was really surprised she gave me brand new paint and a couple of brushes from the school supplies and told me that I could borrow thes e tools to do the artwork for the contest. She also added that if I win I could keep these. She really empowered me to participate, and I realized that I had nothing to lose. Running, I took the shortest way home. I just couldnt wait to get to my style and open the jars of paint. It wasnt difficult that I thought it would be. I really enjoyed mental picture and that was actually my first time I painted something. It seemed like I was painting before. The idea of the design came fast I visualized ane of the artworks that hung on the wall in our art classroom. I dont remember the name of the artist, but the well-composed picture showed trees and a river in bright and natural colors. So, I tried to do a similar painting. My idea was to make the river flow from one side of the typography to the other, with trees in front of the river and behind, and I added a house in the middle. It took me almost the whole afternoon and evening to finish this artwork and no one helped me. That was one of the happiest days of my life. I was very surprised what I had done.

Sweden :: essays research papers

History, Science and Technology, Justice, and Environmental Issues of SwedenDuring the seventh and eighth centuries, the Swedes were merchant seamen well know for their trade. In the ninth century, Nordic Vikings raided and ravaged the European Continent as far as the Black and Caspian Seas. During the 11th and 12th centuries, Sweden slowly became a unify Christian kingdom that later included Finland. Queen Margaret of Denmark united all the Nordic lands in the "Kalmar Union" in 1397. Frequent tension in spite of appearance the countries and within the union gradually led to open conflict between the Swedes and the Danes in the 15th century. The unions final disintegration in the early 16th century resulted in a long-lived rivalry between Norway and Denmark on one side and Sweden and Finland on the other. During and after universe War I, in which Sweden remained neutral, the nation benefited from the worldwide direct for Swedish steel, ball bearings, wood pulp, and match es. Postwar achievement provided the basis for the social welfare policies characteristic of modern Sweden. Sweden followed a policy of armed impartiality during World War II and currently remains independent. Sweden became a member of the European Union in 1995. Many of Swedens science and technology activities are carried start by the Embassy of Swedens Science and Technology office. The main mission of the Science and Technology Office is to help cooperation in research and development and other tack of knowledge between Sweden and Japan. This is done by telling decision-makers in Sweden ab out(a) developments in Japan, and by arranging study visits, workshops and other events. The office preserves general contact networks in Sweden and Japan, mainly with key persons and organizations involved in research and innovation in authorities, academia, and industry. Most of the activities of the Science and Technology Office are carried out within the framework of programs operated in close partnership with, and financed by, Swedish government agencies and other organizations with responsibilities in the particular area covered by a program. contemporary programs cover the following areas (1) Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), (2) Life Sciences and Bio-industry, (3) Sustainable Development, and (4) Overall Development of Japanese Science and Technology Policy and Innovation System.     Sweden is a inbuilt monarchy with a parliamentary form of government. According to the Swedish Constitution, all public power derives from the people. Swedens head of state, the King, has only ceremonial functions. The top branch of the national government is the Parliament, which has 349 members in one chamber.

The Complex Alceste of Molieres Misanthrope Essay -- Moliere Misanthr

The Complex Alceste of The MisanthropeI can non improve on it, and assuredly never shall, said Molire of his satire The Misanthrope, 1 and the tyro Nicholas Boileau-Despraux concurred by accounting it one of Molires best plays.2 But the French public did non like it much, preferring the dramatists more farcical The Doctor in Spite of Himself--a play that, according to tradition, was written two months after The Misanthropes premiere to make up for the latters insufficiency of success.3 In fact, The Misanthrope horrified Rousseau, who thought that its aim was, in Donald Frames words, to make virtue ridiculous by pandering to the shallow and vicious tastes of the man of the world.4 Both he and Goethe after him regarded Alceste, the protagonist, as a tragic figure rather than a comic one.5 It is evident from such a renewing of sentiments that the work before us is complex enough to provoke a variety of reactions. On the one hand, Molire made The Misanthrope a comedy, non a tragedy. Alceste, despite his bold railings against the hypocrisy of society, often finds it impossible to set a heroic example in front of his all-too-civilized circle. He is no lone upholder of a noble creed forced to martyrdom for his beliefs in fact, his announcement, at the end of the play, of the martyrdom he is imposing upon himself--exile to some only(a) place on earth/Where one is free to be a man of worth6--makes him look less heroic than ridiculous. And yet, if we do not place our sympathies with Alceste, we search this play in vain for another character worthy of them. The silly marquises do not command much respect. Arsino is conniving, spiteful, and a critic of everyone elses morals. Oronte is not only as vain a... ...f which is given in Brown and Kimmey, pp. 121-72), this is marked as V.viii, ll. 21-2. 7 Cf. John Dover Wilson, Introduction, in William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed. Wilson (Cambridge Cambridge UP, 1936), p. xlviii. 8 II.v, ll. 711-30 (ll. 153-72 in Wilbur). 9 I.i, line 118 (so also Wilbur). 10 Frame, Introduction to The Misanthrope, op. cit., p. 21. 11 Richard Wilbur, Introduction to The Misanthrope, in Brown & Kimmey, p. 360. 12 Ibid., p. 361. 13 V.iv, line 1782 (V.viii, line 50 in Wilbur). 14 I do not include Arsino in this, since in a sense she receives some sort of punishment when in the concluding scene (V.iv V.vi in Wilbur) she is put to shame by Alcestes implication that he is fully aware of her true motives. Her discomfiture should be enough to satisfy a sense that poetic justice has been served in her case.

The Complex Alceste of Molieres Misanthrope Essay -- Moliere Misanthr

The Complex Alceste of The misanthropistI cannot improve on it, and assuredly never shall, said Molire of his satire The Misanthrope, 1 and the critic Nicholas Boileau-Despraux concurred by accounting it one of Molires best gamblings.2 But the French public did not like it much, preferring the dramatists more idiotic The Doctor in Spite of Himself--a play that, according to tradition, was written two months after The Misanthropes premiere to make up for the latters lack of success.3 In fact, The Misanthrope horrified Rousseau, who thought that its aim was, in Donald Frames words, to make virtue ridiculous by pandering to the shallow and vicious tastes of the man of the world.4 Both he and Goethe after him regarded Alceste, the protagonist, as a tragic figure rather than a comic one.5 It is evident from such a diversity of sentiments that the work before us is complex enough to provoke a variety of reactions. On the one hand, Molire made The Misanthrope a comedy, not a tragedy. Alce ste, despite his gauze-like railings against the hypocrisy of society, often finds it impossible to set a heroic example in front of his all-too-civilized circle. He is no lone upholder of a noble creed forced to martyrdom for his beliefs in fact, his announcement, at the end of the play, of the martyrdom he is imposing upon himself--exile to some solitary place on populace/Where one is free to be a man of worth6--makes him look less heroic than ridiculous. And yet, if we do not place our sympathies with Alceste, we search this play in vain for another character worthy of them. The silly marquises do not command much respect. Arsino is conniving, spiteful, and a critic of everyone elses morals. Oronte is not only as vain a... ...f which is given in Brown and Kimmey, pp. 121-72), this is marked as V.viii, ll. 21-2. 7 Cf. John Dover Wilson, Introduction, in William Shakespeare, Hamlet, ed. Wilson (Cambridge Cambridge UP, 1936), p. xlviii. 8 II.v, ll. 711-30 (ll. 153-72 in Wilbur). 9 I.i, subscriber line 118 (so also Wilbur). 10 Frame, Introduction to The Misanthrope, op. cit., p. 21. 11 Richard Wilbur, Introduction to The Misanthrope, in Brown & Kimmey, p. 360. 12 Ibid., p. 361. 13 V.iv, line 1782 (V.viii, line 50 in Wilbur). 14 I do not include Arsino in this, since in a sense she receives some sort of punishment when in the last scene (V.iv V.vi in Wilbur) she is direct to shame by Alcestes implication that he is fully aware of her true motives. Her discomfiture should be enough to satisfy a sense that poetic arbitrator has been served in her case.

Baron Georges Eugene Haussmann

Paris in the l9th century was anything but beautiful the metropolis of Lights was a metropolis of disparity graceful monuments, historic produceings and slum dwellings, sat side by side. The narrow streets were catch-alls for chamber pots that were emptied into the streets from windows, the sewer system was inadequate, for a urban center with a million inhabitants, and prompting extremely unhealthy conditions that bred disease and completely one out of five ho holdholds had running water.This statement from Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a Genevan philosopher depicts a shot picture of Old Paris, Entering through the faubourg Saint Marceau, I saw only small, dirty and stinking streets, ugly black houses, an air of filth, poverty, beggars, carters, sewing women, women vend tisanes and old hats (British library. ) All of these issues would be history with the citys modernization done at an unprecedented pace by Baron Georges-Eugene Hauss earthly concernn. Baron Haussmann was born, in Paris , on March 27th, 1809. He was educated at theCollege Henry IV, studied law, while simultaneously taking classes at the Conservatoire de Paris, because he was a full musician. He diverted from being a lawyer, turning his focus on architecture, becoming a civil engineer and career administrator. Mr. Haussmann was appointed sous-prefet (state representative) of Nerac, a pass of the Lot-et-Garonne department in southwestern France, in l830. He advanced quickly in the civil service venue in l853 he was appointed the prefet of the fish Department, (department in France is similar to a county) and remained in that position until l870.During this time period, Baron Haussmann was made senator in l857, grand cross at the Legion dhonneur, a premier order of France, in l862, and a member of the Academy of Fine Arts in l867. (wikipedia) He died on January 11, l891 in Paris, leaving a invariable and evolving legacy. The Barons name is preserved on the Boulevard Haussmann and in the very core of the City of Lights. Now that I have given a brief, biographical summary of Mr. Haussmanns life, here is a elaborated look at his accomplishments, historical impact on urbanism and constant influence in like a shots society.Emperor nap III, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and the last monarch to rule France, wanted to be acknowledged as a great communal engineer. He was partial tone to helping the poor, working class people of Paris and desperately wanted to shape the city in to a progressive, healthy environment. There was also a safety issue, the Emperor needed to address it was imperative that he reduce the ability of future revolutionaries to defy the government, by benefiting on the medieval maze of streets to considerably form barricades. Devising wider streets for logical maneuvers, would allow battalions and artillery to circulate effortlessly.Napoleon III rightly chose, the best civil engineer in Paris, Baron Haussmann to implement the reconstruction of his capital. Th e Emperor let Haussmann maintain substantial executive power and extensive finances with this project. Ultimately, over a decade and a half he dog-tired 2,115,000,000 francs, the equivalence of 1. 5 billion in todays currency. Napoleon also protected Haussmann from the myriad of critics, this was fundamental for his success. Paris would undergo a study transformation and people had dickens different views of Haussmann one as a man who would demolish old Paris , and the other as a man who would create a newParis. Haussmanization is what this massive undertaken was dubbed, its actual definition being, the creative destruction of something for the betterment of society, (wiktionary). The criticism the Baron received was that specific, Parisians were dissolute by the destruction of buildings, including whole neighborhoods. In theyre opinion, there was no betterment, the wide streets had a diminutive purpose, except for being anti-riot streets, and all Haussmann did for the poor exp anses was to build encompassing boulevards from which they could be subjugated (British lib.) Another, subject he was disparaged for, was his methods of financing the projects, which included apply his connections with realtors. Haussmann would allow them to purchase property along the new boulevards in alter for an exuberant profit. This issue ignited an intense political controversy and even though the allegation were never proven , it eventually led to the Barons dismissal as the prefet, on January 5, l870. Napoleon III had no choice if he was to increase the approval rating of this regime.Parisians who viewed Haussmanns modernization of Paris as positive, and new he would be providing a much needed service to the city, far out numbered the opposition. Most of the people perceived the streets as they actually were unsanitary, with food waste and waste left by a faulty sewer system, crowded, damp, shanties covered in mud, and confusing. The narrow streets, with no sidewalks, di scouraged prospective customers from going to shops, and during Pariss recurrent spates of civil disorder, made it easier to form barricades. Haussmannization would deliver a new Paris, a healthy, moreorganized, safer city. Baron Haussmanns first task was to create a detailed map of Paris, this would be the basis of his work. He then installed wood towers throughout the city, taller than surrounding buildings to serve as triangulation points in the surveying process. This was an advanced engineering process, conjecture is still use today. Triangulation is finding coordinates and the distance of a point by calculating the length of different sides of a triangle. Devising the towers, for this purpose, was ingenious. The transformation was now underway, using 1500 architects and over 60,000 workers.Paris was deemed the largest construction site in the world, and would hold that title for two decades (France monthly). Three quarters of the Ile de la Cite, was destroyed to construct a central area for the Palais de Justice, police headquarters and barracks. Ile de la Cite is one of two islands in the Seine River, the other is Ile Saint-Louis, is the center of Paris and where the city was founded (wikipedia). Approximately 15,000 homes were pulled down and the only buildings untouched were Notre Dame, the Saint-Chapelle, Conciergie and the Palais de Justice.Haussmanns beautification of Paris, includes the star-shaped Place de lEtoile, which is a large urban junction with a meeting point of twelve straight avenues, nigh the Arc de Triomphe, several new parks, gardens and the planting of over hundred,000 trees. The Baron admired the large and central London parks, such(prenominal) as the Hyde and Regent Parks, and decided to created two comparable ones, . most notably the Bois de Boulogne, and the Bois de Vincennes. The Baron built or rebuilt several market, the most famous redesigned market was the Les Halles, the first major building project to use iron-frame co nstruction.This material allowed for improved control of the citys food supplies and lessening of health hazards (SafariX). Another famous redesign was the Palais Garnier, commonly known as opera de Paris, and named after its architect, Charles Garnier, who was chosen by the Baron to supervise the project. Mr. Garnier was instructed to build a 2nd theatre for the famous Parisian Opera and Ballet Companies. Legend says that Napoleon IIIs wife asked Garnier if it would be built in Greek or Roman style and he replied, It is in the Napoleon III style, Madame (msn. Encarta) Haussmann oblige a regulationthat required all new buildings to have a standardized height and design, this gave modern Paris characteristic landscape. Haussmanns plan continued with organizing the city by numbering districts and houses. Parisians lives were made easier with the numeration. Wide, straight, new boulevards with commanding facades, converging at major junctions, marked by monuments, public buildings a nd points of significance such as city gates or railway stations, were made to facilitated traffic movement, eliminate cramped streets, and provide proficient access for army troops from the provinces to get under ones skin into the city,if needed. Baron Haussmanns implemented a railway network, with six new railroads stations, operating outside the city, improving transportation and directly contributing to a grow economic environment. The railways contributed to the development of coal mining and the steel industry in France, bringing theyre economy into a contemporary age of large outstrip free enterprise. The design of the streets combined with the new public transportation allowed Parisians an easy access to the city and its shops, museums, theatre etc., encouraged people to flaunt their new wealth. in all probability the most imperative part of the modernization of Paris was the purification and decontamination of their ancient sewer system. A complete renovation was imper ative to instill healthy conditions in the city. Haussmann named engineer Eugene Belgrad, Director of Water and Sewers of Paris, who attacked the problem by creating sort of a city under the city, The system harnessed underwater springs, some over 100 kilometers from Paris, then brought fresh, clean water by aqueducts to flush out the waste (France Monthly).The sewer system, although underground, didnt go unobserved, Haussmann ensured that it became a showpiece, even providing transportation for their viewing, the system, to this day, is considered a tourist attractioin. Baron Haussmann and Napoleon IIIs architectural strategy for the modernization of Paris is largely responsible for the citys present appearance and for the ground of current and almost certainly, future designs. The Barons vision of a city came into fruition, making Paris one of the most magnificently beautiful cities, a formidable economic power, with much healthier living conditions.Haussmann still continues to inspire architectural design. One example is the City Beautiful Movement, a progressive reclaim movement in North American architect, in the1800s and 1900s, its primary objective was to revamp poverty-stricken urban environments. Haussmannian Revolution, a term used because, for the first time in history, under an emporer, a single man systematically modernized a city on such a mammoth scope (France Monthly). Work Cited British Library, An Imperial Capital Baron Haussmanns Transformation of Pariswww. mapforum. com/15blmap. htm France Monthly, Baron Haussmann, and the Transformation of Paris, 2006 www. francemonthly. com/n/1202/index. php MSN. Encartam, Paris (city, France)-MSN Encarta 2007 http//Encarta. msn. com/encylopedia SafariX, Haussmannization and Ostentation http//www. safarix. com/0131932934/ch15lev1sec2 Wikipedia, Baron Haussman, 2 April 2007 www. widipedia. org/wiki/Baron_Haussmann Wikitionary, Etymology, 8 December 2006 http//en. wikitionary. org

Matteo Ricci

The year 1982 was a Ricci-year scholarly meetings in different ships around the world, from Chicago (US), over Macerata (Italy) to Taibei (Taiwan), commemorated Matteo Riccis de provided in China. It was exactly four hundred daytimes since his arrival in the Portuguese settlement of Macao in 1582 and his en stress into the mainland one year later. In 2001, in that location were new celebrations of Ricci, in Hong Kong and in Beijing, commemorating his definitive remission in Beijing in 1601. The year 2010 is again a Ricci-year, this time commemorating his expiry in Beijing in 1610.Is thither anything new to be said about Matteo Ricci after this time-lapse of twenty-seven years, which corresponds to the period of Riccis own ascent to and settling in Beijing? Well, his literary works nurse become to a greater extent accessible to the academic and wider community for instance, in Chinese there are now promptly available editions of his Chinese belles-lettres and several editio ns of his Della entrata della Compagnia di Giesu e Christianita nella Cina (About the Christian expedition to China undertaken by the Society of Jesus) a strong severalise to the prudent two-page article in Renmin huabao(China Pictorial) of July 1982.But publications non unless flourished in Chinese. The Ruggieri-Ricci manuscript of the Portuguese-Chinese dictionary was published for the first time Riccis letter and the Italian version of Della entratawere reprinted (2000-2001)1 some otherwisewises works have been translated the catechism Tianzhu shiyi (The True Meaning of God) into English, Japanese, Korean and Italian the treatise on friendship Jiaoyoulun into Italian, German, and French the treatise on mnemotechnics (the art of memory), Xiguo jifa into German.There were legion(predicate) present momentary sources at least 200 articles, many of them in Chinese, illuminate mingled aspects of his manner and works. The most well-known work is possibly Jonathan Spences sto rehouse Palace of Matteo Ricci (1984), also translated into Chinese (two translations), French, Spanish and Dutch. 2 All this is very impressive and underscores the fact that Ricci remains an attractive figure both on the academic and the more than popular level.Yet a close look at these writings reveals in event the excellence of research accomplished earlier the quality of Pasquale ddears an nonated edition of the primary sources (Fonti Ricciane, 3 vols. , 1942-1949)3 and the analysis of the method of evangelisation by dElias student Johannes Bettray (Die Akkommodationsmethode des P. Matteo Ricci S. I. in China, 1955)4 is rarely matched today. Since these writings are in Italian and German detectively, they have unfortunately a great deal been neglected.Compared to these writings, recent publications rarely bring to light new elements about Ricci himself, they rather re attractivement Riccis success story by putting his accomplishments and writings in a broader context. For i nstance, it appears that Ricci was less accommodative than often assumed,5 and that fellow Jesuiticals such as Niccolo Longobardo (1565-1655) had a better knowledge of the Chinese Classics and the Neo-Confucian commentaries than Ricci himself. How then to tell Riccis story in the year 2010?One major(ip) development in recent years is the historiography of the contacts in the midst of purifications, with a primary question of the perspective from which one needs to look at the missional from his own perspective or from the perspective of the receiving culture? winning benefit from these developments, this article will reread Riccis story and ask how Ricci was shaped by the other, especially by the Chinese. 6 Four characteristics of Jesuit missionary strategy in China As a starting point one bathroom make a first rather traditional reading of Riccis life by focusing on the missionary himself.The Jesuit missionary strategy in China was conceived by Alessandro Valignano (1539-16 06), who was the former novice master of Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) and who was Jesuit visitant for East Asia during the period 1574-1606. His strategy was creatively put into practice by Matteo Ricci. Later generations, well into the eighteenth century, associated this strategy with Ricci and called it the Ricci-method. It can be described by four major characteristics7 1. A constitution of accommodation or adaptation to Chinese culture. 8 Valignano, who had been disappointed by the control degree of the Jesuits adaptation to Japanese culture, insisted in the first place on knowledge of the Chinese language. Therefore he called a few Jesuits to Macao in 1579 locateing them to focus their solicitude entirely on the study of language (fellow Jesuits criticised them for spending all their time studying Chinese). Two years later Michele Ruggieri (1543-1607) entered China through the sulfur, and Matteo Ricci followed one year later. Probably animate by the Japanese situation, they d ressed like Buddhist monks. In 1595, after nearly fifteen ears of experience, they changed this policy and adapted themselves to the life-style and etiquette of the Confucian selected of literati and officials. Ricci was trustworthy for this change. This new policy remained unchanged throughout the whole seventeenth century and for most Jesuit missionaries Matteo Ricci became the reference point with regard to the accommodation policy. 2. Propagation and evangelisation from the shed light on down. Jesuits addressed themselves to the literate elite. The underlying root word was that if this elite, preferably the Emperor and his court, were converted, the whole country would be won for Christianity.The elite consisted mainly of literati, who had spent many years of their life preparing for the examinations they needed to pass to become officials. For these examinations they had to learn the Confucian classics and the commentaries. After having passed the Metropolitan examinations, which took place in Beijing all(prenominal) three years and at which about three hundred candidates were selected, they entered the official bureaucracy and received appointments as district magistrates or positions in the ministries.As in modern diplomatic service, the offices super acidly changed every three years. In order to enter into contact with this elite, Ricci studied the Confucian classics and, with his remarkable gift of memory, became a welcome guest at the philosophic discussion groups that were organised by this elite. 3. Indirect propagation of the faith by using European science and technology in order to attract the attention of the educated Chinese and convince them of the high level of European civilisation.Ricci offered a European clock to the Emperor, he introduced exposures which impressed the Chinese with their use of perspective, translated mathematical writings of Euclid with the commentaries of the famous Jesuit mathematician Christophorus Clavius (1 538-1612), and printed an enormous global map which integrated the results of the latest world explorations. By these activities Ricci established friendly relationships which sometimes resulted in the conversion of members of the elite Xu Guangqi (1562-1633 baptised as Paul in 1603) and Li Zhizao (1565-1630 baptised as Leo in 1610) are the most famous of Riccis time. . Openness to and tolerance of Chinese values. In China, Matteo Ricci encountered a society with high moral values, for which he expressed his admiration. Educated in the best Jesuit humanistic tradition, he favourably compared Confucius (552-479 BC) with an other Seneca and the Confucians with a sect of Epicurians, non in name, but in their laws and opinions. 9 Ricci was of the opinion that the excellent ethical and mixer doctrine of Confucianism should be complemented with the metaphysical ideas of Christianity.However, he jilted Buddhism, Taoism, and Neo-Confucianism, which in his eyes was corrupted by Buddhism. Ricci pleaded for a return to original Confucianism, which he considered to be a philosophy based on natural law. In his opinion it contained the idea of God. Finally, he follow a broad attitude towards certain Confucian rites, such as the ancestral worship and the veneration of Confucius, which briefly were labelled civil rites. Methodological questions There are several reasons why these four characteristics can rightly be identified as typical for Ricci and his fellow-Jesuits in a broader sense.First of all, one can easily find a justification for them in the Jesuit official documents of Ignatian inspiration, especially the Constitutions of the Society of Jesus and Ignatiuss eldritch Exercises, which often insist on accommodation. Secondly, one can contrast these policies with those adopted by the contemporary Franciscans and Dominicans. These orders appeared less accommodative, less elite-oriented, less involved with sciences, and, lastly, less tolerant towards local ritual traditions.Finally, in publications about Jesuits in China in modern times, both by Jesuits and non-Jesuits, these elements are in one way or another presented as typically Ricci or as typically Jesuit. There are also several reasons why these characteristics of strategy can be questioned. First, it can be questioned whether it is a Jesuit strategy. Here, the comparison with the mission in Japan is quite determining. The first thirty years of Jesuit mission in Japan show quite a different picture, since before Valignanos arrival the accommodation policy was very restricted.Thus the actual strategy was determined to a bad extent by the inspiration of an individual such as Valignano rather than by a common Jesuit governance or training. A befriend problem with strategy is that it seems to refer to a pre-set and well-thought policy that was consistently executed over time. Yet, some scholars have convincingly argued that Ricci himself had not formed a diminutive opinion on the prob lem of evangelisation in China and that his judgment concerning the means and methods to adopt in order to convert the Chinese varied in the stock of the years he spent on this task. 10 Thus the systematic labelling of any action as issuing from a Ricci-method is probably an overestimation. Thus, while these four characteristics of the Jesuit strategy in China are certainly not invalid, they possibly present only one side of the story. The major methodological objection that can be raised is that an identity is not only formed through the isolated effort of the Self, but is shaped through constant interaction with the other(a). This is sure for individuals, but also for groups.Therefore, what we call the Jesuit missionary strategy in China is not only the result of a conscious and well-defined policy conceived by Valignano and the proactive and creative elaboration of it by missionaries like Matteo Ricci. To a large extent, it is also the result of their reaction to what China wa s and who the Chinese were. In other words, their identity was shaped by the Chinese Otheras well. If Ricci became who he became, it was also because the Other encouraged him actively or passively to become like that.Thus the story should not only be told from the perspective of the missionary (Ricci), but also from the perspective of the receiving community (the Chinese). I will therefore review the four different characteristics and try to demonstrate how the Chinese Other helped shape the Jesuit mission. I will bring into the picture the results of recent research on Christianity in late Ming China. These results have often been obtained by focusing on the point of view of the Chinese, the Other, and by taking the Chinese texts as primary source for research. Shaped by the Other 1.Accommodation to Chinese culture. The most obvious example of the interference of the Other in the field of accommodation is the change from a policy of adaptation to Buddhism to a policy of adaptation to Confucianism (and subsequently the rejection of Buddhism). The Other was already present in the original decision to adopt the Buddhist dress, since it was the Governor of Guangdong who either insisted that this was the way the missionaries should dress, or who approved the proposal of Michele Ruggieri to do so. 11 The accommodation to the Buddhist life-style was not without advantages.It enabled the Jesuits to make contact with the majority of the Chinese population more easily and allowed them to focus conversation directly on religious matters. But there were also disadvantages. From a Confucian perspective, Buddhism and Christianity shared many religious elements and were very similar to separately other. Both can be classified as an institutional religion with a system of theology, rituals and organisation of its own, independent of so-called secular institutions. Confucianism, on the other hand, resembles a diffused religion.Its theology, rituals, and organisation were int rinsically tied up with the concepts and structures of secular institutions and the secular social order. 12 Moreover, Christianity shared elements with Buddhism such as belief in afterlife, the idea of heaven and hell, the practice of celibacy, etc. which were very un-Confucian. From Riccis Della entrata and later apologetic works one can observe that precisely this similarity to the Other (the Buddhists) forced the Jesuits to uncouple themselves from the Other and emphasise their differences.The first (unconscious) reason for this change was that within the Chinese religious context there was too much competition amongst Buddhism and Christianity. Jesuits were in fact subjected to the phenomenon of rarified difference i. e. the phenomenon in which a minority group, pressed to consolidate its own identity, is prone to dis-identify with others and to play up otherwise negligible differences between those inside and those outside its boundaries. 13 The only way to dissociate thems elves from the Buddhist monks (who were considered to be very low on the social ladder) was to turn to Confucianism.In fact, it was the Other represented by Confucian literati such as Qu Taisu (Qu Rukui) (b. 1549) who encouraged Ricci to institute this change. 14 Here a second important element in which the Other determines the Self needs to be mentioned. It was labelled cultural imperative by Erik Zurcher, and belongs to the deep structure in Chinese religious life in late imperial China. 15 No peripheral religion penetrating from the outside could expect to take root in China (at least at a high social level) unless it conformed to a posture that in late imperial times was more clearly defined than ever.Confucianism represented what is zheng (orthodox) in a religious, ritual, social and political sense. In order not to be branded as xie (heterodox) and be treated as a subversive sect, a marginal religion had to prove that it was on the side of zheng. The authority of Confucianis m, and its sheer mass and attractive power, were such that any religious system from outside was caught in its field, and was bound to gravitate towards that centre. These two elements, inflated difference and cultural imperative, show the heavy influence of the Other in Riccis strategy of accommodation.The Chinese do Ricci adapt to the particular Chinese situation. One whitethorn also point out that the refinement and sophistication of the Other imposed some limits on the accommodation by the Jesuits. It is indeed remarkable that the Jesuits apparently were not able to accommodate themselves to certain aspects of Chinese culture because they were too difficult to master or were too different from the European background. Here one touches on aspects of Jesuit corporate culture in Europe and many parts of the world that were not put into practice in China.The clearest example is that of schools and education. Despite their want to replace the subject-matter of the Chinese exams by Aristotelian philosophy, the Jesuits were never able to influence the well-established Chinese education system. There were also aspects that did not belong to their corporate culture, but that were also too sophisticated to learn or to adopt. In the field of arts, one usually cites the successful adaptation of Jesuit painters like Giuseppe Castiglione (1688-1766), but there is just now any adoption of, or arouse in, Chinese calligraphy.Yet, every member of the educated Chinese elite spent long hours when they were young encyclopedism calligraphy, and quite a few continued to practise it every day of their lives. Although the Jesuits effort was directed at this elite, in their copious writings there is hardly any indication that the Jesuits appreciated the aesthetic dimension of calligraphy and the pivotal role that it played in Chinese culture. 16 In the field of Chinese customs, Ricci and his fellow-Jesuits rig it im viable to let their finger nails grow very long, as was the custom among the Chinese literati. 17 These are negative examples of influence that clearly show how Chinese culture imposed limits on accommodation. 2. The propagation from the top is a second field in which the role of the Other can be amply shown. First it should be pointed out that the motive of Riccis ascent to Beijing18 was not necessarily the conversion of the Emperor. The initial objective of Ricci, as expressed in his Della entrata, was not to allude Beijing, but just to have a lobby on the mainland.It was because of the many difficulties Jesuits encountered in obtaining permission to enter China and in establishing a permanent hallway there that they gradually made a plan to go to Beijing in order to obtain the support of the King of China. 19 In this strike to Beijing they largely depended on the elite. 20 There certainly were proactive or planned decisions by Ricci and his companions they preferred the centre to the periphery and they chose to live in a city rather t han in the countryside. Centre meant the administrative centre, the place with a higher concentration of magistrates and literati.Thus they preferred Zhaoqing to Canton, because the Governor was residing in Zhaoqing, and Canton was only second choice. 21 The choice of the city was quite obviously connected with the choice of the centre. But these proactive or planned decisions by Ricci should be supplemented by two oxidizable or guided decisions, which were as important if not more important many movements were arranged through personal relationships (guanxi) and a number of residences were established because the Jesuits were expelled from or not allowed to live in certain places.In both of these decisions the Other played a key role. The concept of guanxi or relationships is central to any understanding of Chinese social structures. It denotes an essential part of network-building within Chinese social life. The many difficulties encountered by Ricci and his companions in trying to establish a residence in various cities are often attributed to the fact that they were contrasteders. While this is certainly true, the Jesuits also lacked the necessary guanxi to secure the social resources needed for their goals.They lacked common attributes they could not refer to a common kinship, locality, religion or examination experience. Chinese society very quickly made the Jesuits aware of the grandness of this network building and the originality of Ricci is to have understood it. It took the Jesuits a long time, but after more than ten years they succeeded in acquiring some attributes. The two most important were their behaving like Chinese literati, and subsequently, the disposal of a network based on common Christian rituals.The role of the Other mediated by guanxi became very important in the move from the south to the north of the country and the establishment of new mission posts, and the Jesuits decisions were taken in response to the initiative or circumsta nces of these guanxi. The case of Michele Ruggieri travelling to Shaoxing (Zhejiang) is a fine example of this reactive or guided decision-making. 22 He was not travelling to Shaoxing because of a planned decision on his part, but rather because he had a guanxi who happened to be travelling to Shaoxing and who wanted to take Ruggieri with him.Another pattern was closely linked to this one. Chinese converts would settle in a new place (or return to their place of origin), expand the network of believers, and then invite a missionary. This pattern became more common as the community of believers increased and came to include some converts of higher social standing (especially after 1600). Here some structures of Chinese administrative life played an important role. Like other literati, Christian literati changed offices regularly (in principle every three years), or returned to their native towns. Their moves determined those of the missionaries.Another way of establishing a community in a guardn city was also a reaction to decisions made by others Jesuits decided to settle in one place because they were not allowed to settle in the place of their original choice. In some cases this was even linked to direct expulsion. 3. The use of science in the service of the propagation of faith too was largely determined by the Other, as can be shown in the writings of the Jesuits and their converts. The first presentation of European science was made in the form of curiosities like a clock and prisms, with the result that at the beginning Jesuits were considered as alchemists.The first writings of the Jesuits, however, (i. e. what they wrote with only limited influence of the Other), were not scientific but entirely religious and catechetical in nature. It was due to the quest of Chinese scholars, who could not believe that educated scholars could come from far away, that Ricci engaged himself in composing a Chinese version of the world map he had in his room, in order to show where he came from. 23 A further step was the translation of works on mathematics and astronomy. Many scholars have pointed out that this translation took place in the particular context of Late Ming learning.If Chinese scholars were interested in the science brought by the Jesuits, it was because prior to their arrival Chinese literati had unquestionable an interest in practical learning. The search for solid learning or concrete studies (shixue) was a reaction against some intuitionist movements originating from the Wang Yangming school in the late one-sixteenth century. According to Wang Yangming (1472-1528), the principles for moral action were to be found entirely within the mind-and-heart (xin) and not outside.In the early seventeenth century, the influential intellectual and political movement of the Donglin thinkers re-established the importance of things in the world. Officials and scholars searched for concrete ways to save the country from decay. 24 It is this pre ceding quest that led to the unique interaction between the Chinese literati and the Jesuits. The Jesuits themselves were initially not much interested in translating mathematical works, but in response to the insistence of converts such as Xu Guangqi they again and again undertook this kind of time-consuming and durable activity.Later, this insistence by the Chinese (converts) on practical learning was one of the reasons that prevented Jesuits from engaging in projects such as translating the Bible. Early missionaries such as Ricci had no particular advanced training in sciences (even if they were versed in them) and were not sent to spread scientific knowledge. Only later missionaries with a specific scientific training were sent to respond to the quest of the Other and to guarantee the protection of the Church by the Chinese Court.The espousal of Western sciences by the Chinese therefore confirms a generally agreed-upon interpretation of cultural exchange when a foreign elemen t is undertakeed relatively easily by a culture into which it has been introduced, that acceptance is owing to the presence of some internal disposition or movement to accept the new element. What is true in the field of the sciences is true also with respect to the moral teachings of the Jesuits, which were accepted because they fitted the quest of the Donglin thinkers for a heteronomous morality.Moreover, the large-scale translation and publication of Western writings was possible only because the Late Ming had a very developed system of (private) publishing and printing. Thus Jesuits did not have to introduce the printing press. Moreover, by contrast with Europe, there was no pre-printing censorship in China. As a result, the Chinese context enabled the Jesuits fully to put into practice their Apostolate through Books25 and freely to express their ideas. 4. Tolerance towards Confucian rites. Here too the cultural imperative of the Other played a determining role (as it did not i n Japan).Because of the power of Confucianism as a diffused religion, Christianity, just like Buddhism, Judaism and other marginal religions, had to accept the state orthodoxy and the ritual traditions of Confucianism. The repeated and public rejection of the rites approved by the State (and listed in the Official Canon of Sacrifices) would have caused the missionaries to be labelled heterodox and to be rejected (as happened later to missionaries and papal delegations on several occasions during the Rites Controversy).Yet, during the initial years of the Ricci period there was a whole evolution in their attitude, which became more tolerant due to the presence of the Other. This can clearly be observed from the attitude of the missionaries towards funerals, which were and still are the most important ritual of passage in China. 26 In the beginning, the Jesuits were hardly aware that the importance of funeral rites in China would have consequences for themselves.For instance, when Ant onio de Almeida (1557-1591), died in Shaozhou (Guangdong), the Chinese could not understand why Ricci and his companions did not wear a mourning garb. The Jesuits, Ricci says, explained that we religious, when we enter into religion, are as though dead to the world, and therefore we do not make such a thing of this fate. Thus the Jesuits did not accommodate to local customs, except for purchasing a first-class coffin, in order to show to the Chinese the quality of the Fathers, because herein they demonstrate their way of honouring the dead. The major reason for buying a coffin, however, according to Riccis explanation, was that they could not bury de Almeida in a church, as would have been done in Europe and the Jesuits did not want to follow the Chinese practice of burying him on a hill far away from the house. Subsequently the coffin was kept in their residence for two years until he was buried in Macao. 27 As far as the specific funerary rituals are concerned, in these early ye ars the Jesuits adopted an approach that can be qualified as purist concerning the Christian tradition and exclusivist with regard to the Chinese traditions.In general, Ricci and his fellow Jesuits were less tolerant in the early stages of their missionary activities than later, though in doing so they did not adhere to a specific regulation. If death occurred, the Jesuits priority was to bury the deceased Chinese Christian or foreign missionary according to Christian rites. There was little intention towards accommodation to local usually Confucian customs. The abstention from local rites by Christians was seen by the Jesuits as a sign helping to strengthen and spread the Christian faith.Only gradually were some Chinese funerary customs accepted. This happened first through the initiative of the Chinese themselves and was largely due to the network in which the deceased Jesuit or Christian had been involved. As long as this network was very small, the funeral could be limited t o an exclusively Christian ceremony. When this network was larger, however, the chances of interaction with Chinese funeral practices increased. It is typical for funerals to be such an open ritual.For instance, when the Jesuit Joao Soerio died in Nanchang in 1607, his fellow Jesuits did not give expression to their sentiments, as was usual in China, because it did not correspond to our profession. Yet their friends, dressed in mourning, came to their house to condole with them. These Chinese friends installed a bier and covered it as if his body was there. They made four genuflections, and touched each time with their head the ground. Many are said to have mourned the death of this Jesuit in this traditional way. 28 As the Christian communities continued to grow, the interaction with local rituals increased as well. The death of Matteo Ricci in Beijing in 1610 was a turning point in some ways, because his funeral and inhumation were the cause of the Jesuits themselves becoming i nvolved in more Chinese funerary customs. The first critical step was the decision about his burial place. At the initiative of a Christian convert, the Jesuits asked the Chinese emperor to offer an appropriate burial ground. This burial in the mainland was contrary to the practice of the burials of Jesuits in Macao until then.Meanwhile, Riccis corpse was kept in a traditional Chinese coffin. While some Chinese practices, such as the habit of condolence, were accepted, others, such as the funeral procession, were only applied in a limited way, because the Chinese procession was considered to resemble an act of triumph and did not conform to Jesuit ideals of poverty and modesty. On the day of the burial itself, 1 November 1611, all the regular Christian ceremonies were celebrated the recitation of the Office of the Dead, the funeral Mass, an ecclesiastical procession, and the prayers at the tomb in front of a painting of Christ.But in the end, there were also some Chinese rites Many days afterwards gentile friends came flocking in to perform their usual rites for the deceased. 29 Thus it was the presence of the Chinese that brought gradual change in the hesitant approach by the missionaries. As Johannes Bettray has shown, the Jesuits missionaries were, after thirty years of presence in China, apparently allowing the performance of these particular local customs. 30 Conclusion Looking at Ricci, one can discern several characteristics that can be labelled the Ricci method.However, this method has too often been presented as the result of the proactive Self, at the neglect of the influence of the Chinese Other. I have tried to show that the role of the Other in the formation of Riccis identity is certainly as important as the activity of Riccis Self. Though Ricci might have reacted in ways other than he did, in all cases the Other played a decisive role in the reactions he showed. One could even argue that the Other made it possible for Ricci to become who he beca me. Without the Other, this would not have been possible.

Described by Dickens Essay

The extended metaphor at the end of the first chapter depicts the children as vessels or jars, to be filled to the top with facts until they are full. The metaphor portrays the children as inanimate objects, which shows the reader the arrogance of GradgrindVessels then and there arranged in order arrive at to have imperial gallons of facts poured into them until they were full to the brim. ogre describes them as if they are empty and know nothing. Therefore they have to learn facts whether they like it or not.The short sentences and repeat in the sentences of the opening of the second chapter aids the description of Gradgrind as it shows the reader there is no manipulating this man and what you see is what you get. He pass on never sort his mind.The extended metaphor, a kind of cannonaway shows the reader Gradgrinds idea of how children should be decorously educated. He believes that imaginations are to be stormed away and children should grow through facts. He is described like a cannon loaded to the muzzle with facts this shows the harshness of his character and the machine-like qualities he holds. milksop Jupe is described by Dickens as dark-eyed and dark-haired her skin is tanned as unmanful has grown up with the circus she has an interesting background and a creative imagination she is not just filled with facts. The colour of her eyes and hair reflects her traveller background. Whereas, Bitzer is described by Dickens as light-eyed and light-haired. His skin seems to be white, in contrast to poofs tanned complexion. This description shows the harshness of the Victorian education system, on his appearance. The audience has no sympathy for the coldness of his character even though he is seen as a model pupil from a model school by Gradgrind, who has forced out any imagination Bitzer had and filled him with facts. His description of a horse compared to Sissys attempt shows the reader the machine-like almost robotic manner in which he is able to reel of f factsQuadruped. Graminivorous.His character is the opposite of Sissy. Gradgrind refers to her as a number, yet to Bitzer by name, as Sissy has only been at the school for a short time, but is referred to as Girl number 20 as she is new to the school her education is not as Gradgrind would like it to be, this in turn alienates her.During the fifth chapter, we meet the characters Sissy and Bitzer again as their chamfer come to a halt when they bump into Gradgrind. After explaining why she was running, Gradgrind comments, as he cannot understand why Sissy should be run after release after? repeated Mr Gradgrind. Who would run after you?Gradgrind does not know Sissy, and sees her as an outcast. He does not see why she should be run after, and cannot understand why someone would want her. His question is answered when Bitzer enters in the next paragraph. He is described as the colourless boy. This creates lack of empathy in the reader towards Bitzer and how he has been manipulated by Gradgrind and the school. As Bitzer is running after Sissy, although described as without fancy (colourless), he still is a child as he was pulling faces to scare Sissy. once escorted by Sissy to her home, we see Sissys fears of Gradgrind through the way she talks to him. She also seems embarrassed by the state of her homeThis is it, sir, and if you wouldnt mind, sir this is the house.Sissys politeness to Gradgrind, as well as showing a well-mannered child also show how nervous she is around him, and the fear she has of him. Sissy is frightened of Gradgrind as she sees that as she is from a poor lifestyle, because of the shabbiness of her home, she will not be allowed to continue her studies, as those with a proper education will do better in the future. The audience translates with Sissy because of this.In conclusion, Gradgrind has a stern manner and is very controlling of his pupils and his children because he is a very unspoken character he is a man of realities. Bitzer is a machine-like character his white face reflects the coldness of his life with only facts in it. This contrasts to Sissys character, which is imaginative, because she lacks the proper formal education Bitzer has received. Hard Times is based on, and shows, Dickenss view of rejection, to the callous determination of Victorian greed. The audience empathises with Sissy the most as her character seems to be lost and the most fragile. The audience do not empathise with Gradgrind because of his stern and cold nature, which, as Bitzer becomes a model student, causes the audience to empathise with neither of the two characters.

Cocept Analysis: Adaptation

The Concept of interpretation Using Sis. Callista Roys mold of Adaptation A Concept analytic thinking St. Augustines College Exploring the Concept of Adaptation Adaptation has long been described as one of the mean tools of benevolent and animal survival. A chameleon changes its color to hide from a predator, a child becomes retreat to deal with the death of a loved one or a soldier learns how to walk with a prosthetic limb after the traumatic amputation of a leg due to injury.All of these speckles describe a form of adaptation on behalf of the case-by-case in order to deal with a stressful situation. According to baby Callista Roy (2009) adaptation is the process and outcome whereby thinking and feeling persons as individuals or in groups use conscious aw atomic number 18ness and choice to create human and environmental integration (McEwen & Wills, 2011). The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of adaptation in the hope to bring clarification to the use of the te rm in treat question and practice. This go away be done in the form of a concept analysis.A concept analysis is the rigorous process of bringing clarity to the definition of the concepts apply in science (McEwen & Wills, 2011). The concept analysis process of Walker and Avant (2005) includes selection of a concept, determining the aims or purpose of the concept, identifying all the possible uses of the concept, determining the define attributes, identification of model cases identifying borderline, related, contrary, invented and illegitimate cases, identifying predecessors, consequences and lastly defining the empirical referents (McEwen & Wills, 2011).The concept analysis process is important because most of nursing theory has been based on concepts adopted from other disciplines, so it is necessary to explore these concepts to discover their relevance to the nursing profession (McEwen & Wills, 2011). Aim of the Analysis The aim of this concept analysis of adaptation is to d iscover what descriptors of this concept make it more relevant to nursing practice and research.As pointed out by Rodgers and Knafl (2000) the value of discussing concepts is to promote the clarification and refinement of an idea that is think to contribute to the problem solving efforts of a discipline (Holden, 2005). Literature Review of the Theory Adaptation Taylors (1983) cognitive adaptation theory states that individuals use positive degree thought processes as a form of adapting to stressful circumstances. Engaging in mildly positive self-relevant distortions enables an individual to maintain an optimistic outlook, enhance self-esteem and win a sense of mastery when facing a threatening event (Henselmans et al. 2009). Taylor proposes that these positive thoughts give an individual a sense of overcome which will accordingly force the individual to take constructive action when dealing with a stressful situation. Schkade and Schultz (1992) in their occupational adaptation theory proposed that there is a ordinary process that individuals go through as they strive for competency on their jobs. There is an interaction with the environment that drives the individual to attain mastery over subject area related challenges.In this process the individual evaluates their responses to the challenges based on an internal sense of effectiveness or satisfaction. The self-assessment phase is the barely means of evaluating the level of adaptation in this theory. Charmaz (1995) proposed that adaptation for most people is a gradual process of evolution where an altered individual changes to accommodate bodily and functional loss (Livneh & Parker, 2005). The changes in the individuals lead from a recognition of a loss of their former self -image and the adaptation only comes about after that realization.Yoshida (1993) believes that adaptation through identity reconstruction only comes about after the individual struggles between their identity as a disabled perso n and their identity as their former self (Livneh & Parker, 2011). There is a constant internal struggle to which the outcome cannot be predicted. Lewin speaks of a reciprocal, interactive process of adaptation that involves the individual and the environment (Livneh & Parker, 2011). The environment consists of internal and external factors that crop the adaptation process.The internal factors can include type and severity of illness and/or the individuals concept of self. The external factors include variables such as physical, social and vocational aspects of the external environment. The level of adaptation will depend on the interaction between the individual and these environmental factors. Uses of the Concept Adaptation as defined by Merriam-Webster (2013) is the adjustment to environmental conditions, adjustment of a sense organ to the intensity or quality of stimulation. Synonyms for adaptation acclimation, accommodation, acclimatization, adjustment and conformation.Charles Darwin theory of innate selection states that organisms adapt to their environment to become better fitted to survive and that they pass these genes on to the next generation ( ). According to Natural Resources Canada (NRC) adaptation includes activities that are interpreted before impacts are observed (anticipatory) and after impacts project been felt (reactive). Both anticipatory and reactive adaptation can be planned as a result of deliberate policy decisions and reactive adaptation can also occur spontaneously (NRC, 2008). Defining Attributes Two defining attributes of adaptation are interaction and environment.A common theme that emerged during the review of information researched for this topic was that adaptation occurs after interaction between the individual and the environment. The Roy adaptation model (Roy & Andrews, 1999) viewed the individual as a holistic adaptive system who responds to different stimuli in the environment, he/she processes changes in the environmen t through emotional channels that involve perception, learning, judgment and emotion (Cunningham, 2002). Model Cases Walker & Avant (2010) state that a model case illustrates or exemplifies the concept and includes demonstrations of all defining ttributes (CCN, 2012). A model case of adaptation could be a previously withdrawn 45 year old female persevering with a new colostomy. The patient Mrs. X shied away from learning how to give care for her colostomy, refusing even to look at the colostomy during colostomy care. Subsequently Mrs. X now asks appropriate questions, has become more involved even to the point of changing her colostomy appliance. During this process the nurse encourages the patient by asking open ended questions about her feelings, the nurse also assures the patient that when she is ready to talk or learn someone will be available to answer her questions.Mr. L is a 35 year old newly diagnosed diabetic, who is open and receptive to diet and lifestyle changes that h as become necessary to control his blood glucose levels. The adaptation can be seen by the patient taking fibre in the discussion with his nutritionist, asking appropriate questions and requesting information about resources that will be available to him should he need more support in adjusting to his new lifestyle changes. A contrary case is an example that does not pomp the attributes of the concept. Ms.B a 25 year old that received a right lower limb amputation due to a car accident refuses to take part in physiotherapy. In fact, she is somewhat hostile to the healthcare team and does not take part in any discussion about her plan of care and her rehabilitation. Attempts by the nurses to build a therapeutic relationship by asking open ended questions and sitting with the patient to offer comfort and support are not acknowledged. Related cases, according to Walker & Avant (2010), include most but not all of the attributes that relate to adaptation (CCN, 2012).Safety in many case s can be related to adaptation. Nurses find that they will have to step in and modify a patients environment to aid in the adjustment to an ongoing ailment. This may include dimming the lights, providing a quiet atmosphere and limiting visitors for a patient that has a dissecting aortic aneurysm. The nurse understands that it is important for this individual to have a calm quiet environment he/she also knows the importance of administering antihypertensive medication and sedative as needed to achieve an internal environment that is conducive to this persons health.Providing safety may also come in the form of providing a clutter free environment for all patients. This includes ensuring that the bed is in the lowest position, all electrical cords are secured properly and the patients belongings and the call light are within the patients reach. These little changes go a long way in helping people adjust to the strange environment of a hospital room and by performing these tasks the nu rse is fulfilling his/her role of promoting adaptation according to Roys Adaptation Model. Antecedents and ConsequencesAccording to Walker and Avant (1995), antecedents are the events or incidents that travel by before the concept (Cheng, Foster & Huang, 2003). An antecedent to adaptation is stress, stress which can affect the body as a result of an accident, infection or an illness. The onset of a physical trauma or the diagnosis of a life threatening illness can set into motion a chain of psychosocial experiences, reaction or responses (Livneh & Parker, 2005). The goal of nursing at this point would be to promote adaptation (McEwen & Wills, 2011).The needs of the patient will be assessed and the plan for an appropriate intervention should be formulated. Control over the situation maybe beyond the scope of nursing practice however, the goal is for the patient to try to achieve integration with the environment, external or internal. Consequences are the events or incidents that hap pen as a result of the concept. A consequence of adaptation is that a change has taken place, a change in mindset or behavior. A patient that was not able to ambulate without assistance may now be able to walk around their home using crutches or a cane.The newly diagnosed breast cancer patient is no longer fearful because she has developed a positive outlook about her disease. She has started to look for support groups and researching congenital intervention to help battle her illness. Taylor (1983) proposed that self -generated control perceptions prevent helplessness and promotes constructive thought and action (Henselmans et al. , 2009). Empirical Referents Walker and Avant (2010) define an empirical referent as a measurement tool or mechanism for the demonstration of the existence of the defining attributes of a concept (CCN, 2012).Cognitive adaptation is measured by the individuals feelings of control or mastery over the illness as well as the individuals positive outlook rela ting to their illness. One of the tools apply to measure optimism is the Life Oriented Test (LOT). It consists of eight items and yields a total score between 0 and 32. An example of a question is I always look on the bright side of life. The participants are asked to rate this statement on a 5 point scale, ranging from 0 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The Pearlin and Schoolers Mastery Scale is used to assess feelings of control over events.Seven items are used to assess global beliefs of perceived control rather than events being controlled by fate. Five items are phrased in a positive way and two items in a negative way. An example of a statement is I have little control over the things that happen to me. A five point scale is used here also 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Higher points on both scales, indicates a higher level of perceived control or optimism which points to positive adaptation. Conclusion Adaptation is an innate basic function that all public and organisms must have to overcome different stressors in life.How one adapts is closely related to our coping strategies. Adaptation can be positive which results in human and environmental integration (McEwen & Wills, 2011). The nurses role in this process is to adapt to the patients needs by performing a complete(a) assessment to be able to provide the tools needed for the individual to positively adjust to complications that they are experiencing. References Chamberlain College of Nursing. (2012). NR 501 Theoretical basis for advanced nursing practice. Concept Analysis Directions with Scoring Rubric.St Louis, MO Author Chen, S. F. , Foster, R. L. , & Huang, C. Y. (2003). Concept analysis of pain. Tzu Chi Nursing Journal 23 Cunningham, D. A. (2005). Adaptation of Roys adaptation model when fondness for a group of women coping with menopause. Journal of Community health Nursing 19(1), 49-60 Henselmans, I. , Sanderman, R. , Helgeson, S. V. , de Vries, J. , Smink, A. , & Ranchor, A. V. (2010). Personal control over the cure of breast cancer Adaptiveness, underlying beliefs and correlates. Psycho-Oncology 19 525-534 Holden, L.M. (2005). Complex adaptive systems Concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 52 (6) 651-657 Honoch, L. , & Randall, M. P. (2005). Psychological adaptation to disability Perspectives from chaos and complexity theory. Rehabilitation Counseling publicize 17-28 Lorre, G. A. , Schkade, J. K. , & Ishee, J. H. (2004). Content validity of the relative mastery measurement scale A measure of occupational adaptation. Occupational, Participation and Health 24 (3) McEwen, M. , & Wills, E. (2011). Theoretical basis for nursing (3rd ed. . Philadelphia, PA Wolters Kluwer Health. Merriam-Webster. com. (2013). Adaptation. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved from http//www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/adaptation Stiegelis, H. E. , Hagedoorn, M. , Sanderman, R. , Van der Zee, K. I. , Buunk, B. P. , & Van den Bergh, A. C. M. (2003 ). Cognitive adaptation A comparison of cancer patients and healthy references. British Journal of Health Psychology 8 303-318 What is Adaptation? (2008) Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved from www. nrcan. gc. ca

British Airways Essay

In 1987, British Airways was privatised, and everywhere the next decade off from a mischief-making nationalised company into The Worlds Favourite Airline a market-leading and very profitable plc. The strategy that transformed the company into a marketing-led and efficient achievement was conceived and implemented by Lord King as Chairman, aided by Sir Colin (subsequently Lord) Marshall two tough strainmen who confronted staff inefficiencies and so improved answer effectiveness that BA was rated international business travellers favourite flight path for several years in the 1990s.Lord King having retired, Lord Marshall became Chairman and was succeeded as Chief Executive by Bob Ayling, a long-time BA manager.Ayling set in train a strategy to turn BA into a international airline transcending the flag-carrier status (the role of a nations leading airline) it shared with Air France, Lufthansa, Swissair, Alitalia, Iberia into an airline with no national home operating through off the world. The dropping of the overtly British heritage and associations was reflected in a changed brand strategy. Away went aeroplane liveries featuring the Union flag, to be replaced by tailfins bearing themed designs from around the world. This was to speech communication the global traveller a savvy (mainly business) customer whose criteria for purchase were redevelopment levels, range of destinations, promptness not price. further the re-branding became a debacle. Customers, staff, alliance partners, shareholders and retailers (travel agents) all want the British heritage and imagery and rebelled against the turn to an anonymous, characterless new style.Ayling also focused on cost-reduction programmes which antagonised and demotivated BAs staff and customers noticed the deterioration in behaviour of staff whose commitment to customer service suddenly plummeted.The upshot was that Ayling was ousted in a boardroom coup in blemish 2000. During his reign, a loss of 244m in the year to March 31 2000 the first since privatisation was recorded and the groups market value had fallenby half.A New Face.In May 2000, Rod Eddington joined BA as Chief Executive. He was previously Managing Directory of Cathay Pacific and Executive Chairman of Ansett, an Australian airline.Eddingtons agile actions were designed to fix profitability to BAs operations and to restore the Union Flag to BAs planes He set about cut the fleet, moving to smaller aircraft, cutting clearly unprofitable routes. He also targeted high-yield customers, the conventional mainstay segment for BA. Matching supply with demand was the overall concern, to restore positive cash flow.Strategically, BAs longtime search for a merger partner was resumed. A link with American Airlines, the first choice partner, was out of the question after US regulatory authorities squashed the idea. A proposed merger with KLM, the Dutch flag carrier, was discussed in some depth, nevertheless that foundered on doubts over the long-term financial benefits, and arguments over the relative shares each airline would have in the merged company.Low-Cost Airlines.Meanwhile, the airline industry was undergoing a seismic invoke with the rise of low-cost no frills airlines. Ryanair and easyJet had, at first, demonstrated the existence of a new market for cheap airline travel which had not been tapped by traditional airlines. But then they began to expand and to compete for passengers that normally would have gone to BA even business class customers couldnt see the reason to gift 100 for breakfast (the difference in price between BA and easyJet between London and Edinburgh.)BAs response (under Bob Ayling) was to form GO as a direct response to the no-frills competitor. Operating out of Stansted airport, GO was operatedentirely separately from BA, so none of the high-cost culture was inherited. Launched in the demo of vociferous opposition from easyJet, GO nevertheless established itself in the market though at what cost, no-one could guess.Rod Eddington soon decided that his focus on tribute customers made GOs operations inconsistent with that of BA as a whole. GO was sold in May 2001 for 100m to 3i, a UK venture great(p) and private equity group.GO was subsequently sold on to easy Jet for 375m.However, the driving of aggressive strategies from budget airlines is still forcing flag-carriers to re-assess their business models.The Outcome.For the year stop March 2001, Eddingtons steps had yielded a quadrupling of operating profits. Market share on key routes had been disconnected as cuts in fleet and routes bit, but BA believed it had lost customers who paid deeply-discounted fares. BA continued its vigorous pursuit of high-yield passengers.September 11th.So, all seemed to be going well. The brand was being restored, financial work was improving and the only real problem was lack of progress on forming a partnership with a US carrier, prevented by the regulators. Then came September 11th, and the airline market fell apart. The consequences were swift passenger numbers fell 28%, US airports were closed for a week, Swissair, Sabena, US Airlines and nearly, Aer Lingus, went bust. Alitalia lost 570m, Lufthansa 400m. Altogether the industry lost 7bn and shed 120,000 jobs 13,000 at BA and passenger numbers are still running at 13% below normal on transatlantic routes.In contrast, passenger numbers and financial results at low-cost carriers easyJet and Ryanair were rising impressively.Then came Sars, the Iraq war and the continuing sluggishness of the world economy, all deeply damaging to passenger numbers.Strategy at BA was thrown into disarray.Current Strategy.With the travel market is still subject to global economic and political uncertainty, BA has restate its forecasts for lower revenues. However, the fundamentals of this business are stronger than they have been for four or five years John Rishton, Finance Director, says BA is generating c ash, and is conserving that cash. (FT and D.Tel. 6.11.02).The operational imperatives to cope with the roiled environment are expressed in BAs Future Size and Shape initiative which is intended to Achieve significant cost reductions. earlier targeted at 650m, the cost savings are now expected to save an annualised 1.1bn over 3 years (FT 19.3.03). Simplified operations and minimal overheads is the aim. Cut capacity, to touch on supply of aircraft and flights to the reduced demand. Cut staffing levels. A further 3,000 job cuts planned for March 2004 have been brought forward to September 2003. Change BAs business model. Aware that no-frills competition is not going to go away, but that BA possesses a positive service heritage, BA wants to create an offering that combines the lift out bits of BA and the no-frills model. Martin George, BAs director of marketing and commercial development, explains our customers like the BA product convenient airports, high frequency, good level of service but want it at the right price, and thats what well give them. Its about changing our business model to allow us to compete profitably (Management Today, September 2000). Rationalise BAs internal UK and short-haul business CitiExpress has been formed from the activities of subsidiaries Brymon, BRAL, Manx and BA Regional. To stem heavy losses on this short-haul network, some systematization has been done it has pulled out of Cardiff and Leeds-Bradford airports, and will cut its current fleet from 82 to 50 all-jet planes by end-2005. However, it is expanding operations from Manchester, and from London City airport to Paris and Frankfurt. (FT 18.12.02).It is treasure that BA started to take the bitter medicine of cost cuts and restructuring earlier and in bigger doses than rivals in Europe and North America, and that Rod Eddington has pushed through changes that were long overdue. But is this enough? can BA wrest back the short haul market from easyJet and Ryanair, while maintaining its position in the longhaul marketStrikeIn July 2003, only when at the start of the busy holiday season, BA was hit by an unofficial strike by Heathrow check-in and sales staff who were objecting to a abrupt introduction of a swipe-card automatic clocking system. 500 flights were cancelled, affecting 100,000 passengers. The damage to BAs service reputation was enormous.Both management and union leading were taken by surprise, and it brought to a head the existence of restrictive practices going back 40 or 50 years which both sides have to confront.Performance.Results for the year ending 31st March 2003 showed a pretax profit of 135 on turnover down 7.8% to 7.69bn, up from a loss of 335 in the year to March 2002. The results included a eruption of 84m for the planned ending of Concorde flights in October, and a fourth-quarter loss (January to March) of 200m. These positive results were entirely down to cost reduction. Nodividend was paid a consequence of the need to conserve cash. Operating margin at 3.8% is way below Eddingtons target of 10%. (D.Tel, 20.5.03, FT, 21.5.03).In the first quarter of the 2003-04 year, a pretax loss of 45m was incurred the effect of the Heathrow strike was put at 30-40m.The business environment.However, Rod Eddington sees the furure business environment as very hard to read, but expects it to get tougher. 2003-04 was meant, jibe to analysts, to be BAs year of recovery, but it is not now expected to happen. (DTel, 11.2.03)A critical development is the start of talks between the EU and the USA to dismantle the web of regulations that have controlled the development of international aviation since the mid-1940s.Eddington, as chairman of the Association of European Airlines, insists that truly global airlines are unattainable in the current regulatory environment. If it were left to the market, international airlines would undoubtedly follow in the footsteps of other industries and would seek the benefits of scale a nd scope that are currently denied them. A truly global airline..would be free to operate wherever its customers demanded, free to grow organically or through acquisition and free to charge whatever the market would bear.These talks are likely to be very long. However, it potentially offers the opportunity for an opening of the two biggest airline markets and lead to substantial consolidation of participants. (FT, 29.9.03).The takeover of KLM, the Dutch flag carrier, by Air France, may be the precursor to the consolidation expected. BA sees no threat from what is now Europes largest airline. D.Tel, 1.01.03).

Travelers Import Cars Case

Erin Crow/Criscolo Robb Romans 4/19/10 HRM Zigrossi Case Study 3 traveler Import Cars Inc. Facts Traveler Import Cars owners Randy and Beryl Traveler both have extensive industry experience. Randy was a partner in Capitol Imports, a well-situated foreign car enfranchisement, and Beryl was a consult holding an MBA who specialized in automobile dealerships. They decided to go into business for themselves and their successful import car dealership has been in operation for over 5 years. Several of Travelers employees once worked for Capital Imports but were enticed by Randy and Beryl to leave and work for them. no(prenominal) of Travelers employees atomic number 18 unionized (but get equivalent benefits) and the staff feels like they are family. The company started with 1 small dealership, but has expanded and straight operates two dealerships, a leasing company, and a wholesale parts store. Beryl had been in charge of the dealerships daily operations but with the companys c ard-playing growth she felt overworked and hired two experienced managers to help relieve some of her work load. Although the new managers had good ideas, Beryl was now working harder than ever as the dealership was continuing to expand rapidly. Despite habitue meetings Beryl had with managers, her ideas werent implemented and important deadlines were missed with increasing frequency. Additionally, employee absenteeism and tardiness was becoming a regular occurrence. At her wits end, Beryl hired experienced consultant J. P. Muzak to straighten out Travelers Import Cars quality circle. Muzak conducted a needs analysis and met with Travelers instruction team to discourse his findings. Muzak also conducted an assessment of the companys managers and discussed the results with Beryl privately.He concluded that most managers could be trained, but that a few were simply incapable of holding management positions. Assumptions Muzaks evaluation of Traveler Import Cars was thorough and his findings are accurate. Beryl and Randy trust Muzaks and our advice and will implement our suggestions. The company can be restructured and go forward successful even after Beryl steps back and is less involved in the daily operations of the business. Problems Company has grown rapidly without an increase in management capability and efficiency. Lack of equal reporting structure and operational look between Randy and Beryl. Poor management structure and inefficiency causes high workload for Beryl. Unqualified and ineffective general manager. Ineffective employees Jeff Amos and Tom Tucker. Management decisions are not implemented or maintained. Company goals and objectives are not clearly define or communicated. The organizational structure is complicated, ineffective, and confusing. Lack of communication between offices Supervisors dont inform subordinates. Poor selection process for managerial positions results in furious and inexperienced managers and supervisors . No periodic formal performance appraisal No performance-based reward system. Undisciplined or unsupervised employees with increasing absenteeism. Problematic operational control system in lower levels in organization. Problems found by Muzak o Quality circle needs restructuring. o Shorten decision time. o geological formation does not implement management decisions. o Lack of follow-up causes serious problems. o Policies and procedures not fixed. o Managers do not delegate sufficiently. un apply car salesmen do not always transfer sold customers to F&I office resulting in lost revenue. o Service desk employees not retained impacting revenues. Recommendations by Quarter Q1 o Determine the vision and mission of the organization and communicate to personnel. o Develop a comprehensive communication plan for all positions. o Write and distribute job descriptions for all positions in the organization. o Implement a low-tolerance policy for absenteeism/tardiness. Have employees si gn written warnings, with three offences equaling automatic termination. elucidate the reporting structure. See the suggested organization chart on page four. o Place Randy as President, Leasing Company, and President, Travelers Motor Cars. o Place Beryl as President, New Dealership. o Ben Schyler reports to Beryl Stuart Graham reports to Randy. o Promote John Beam to General Manager, Leasing Company, reporting to Randy. Hire a replacement New/Used car salesperson. Q2 o Release Stuart Graham from the company with a generous severance package. o Promote Sam Carney to General Manager. Hire a consultant to assist with the rebirth and provide training to Sam. Promote Charles Spikes to Fixed Operations Manager, replacing Sam. o Reevaluate the selection process for new managers and supervisors to ensure only qualified candidates are appointed to those positions. Q3 o Develop a formal training program aligned with the companys goals for the managers and supervisors. o Release Jeff Amos from the company. Replace with new hire. o Move Tom Tucker or a new hire to Service Manager. o Hire a New/Used Sales Manager. o Hire a Parts Manager and another New/Used car salesperson. Q4 Collaboratively create yearly goals for all managers and supervisors and track performance. o Conduct regular performance appraisals of managers and supervisors. o Create a compensation system that rewards employees for achieving measurable targets and for positive appraisals. o Monitor morale in an ongoing program. The HR activities used in the evaluation of this case include testing and selecting employees, training and developing employees, performance management and appraisals, compensating employees, and managing labor relations. Recommended organization chart pic

Face-to-Face Communication Essay

Topic 3 Do you agree or differ with the following contestation? Face-to-face communication is better than other types of communication, such as letters, email, or teleph peerless calls. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.Different forms of communication harbour been developed nowadays and they make it really easy for people to contact with each(prenominal) other. We have become familiar with popular types of communication such as letters, email, telephone calls or chatting on the internet. However some people say that face-to-face talk is better than other means of communication. In my opinion, I disagree with this opinion. Due to the limit of distance, face-to-face communication shows its disadvantages in a lot of situations. We cannot meet and have a chat if we are far away from each other like in different countries or different areas. It is in truth disturbing when we need to speak out something immediately or we are in an urgent situation. Face-to-face ta lk really takes much time and money if people are not close enough.Moreover, in the fast pace of life, everyone is very busy with their own work. They have to deal with piles of work and contact with several dozen people. Therefore, it is difficult for them to always sit down in a nice place and talk to each other because it limits their level of work productivity. Apart from distance and time, other types of communication outweigh face-to-face talk in terms of convenience and secrecy. You can email to a lot of people in different countries with only one click. You want to share your happiness with your friends and relatives, in force(p) pick up your phone and call them without going around to make an announcement. When you fall in love and find it difficult to express your passion directly, then a love letter to that person will be a right choice.With the comfort of using the internet, we easily make friends without being worried some our appearances. Regardless of the fact that we are fat or thin, pretty or ugly, neat or slovenly, we still have great talks because no one sees us right then. In conclusion, face-to-face is just one form of communication among others. Each of those has its own advantages and disadvantages and it is difficult to say which one is better. People should be flexible in using means of communication to make our relationships more interesting.

Heineken Company Essay

Its rightful(a) that Heineken, the brand that bear with it the put forward of its m different c aller, is the most popular beer today-upholding supremacy for a period rotate everywhere a century now. In 1964, Gerard Adrian Heineken bought a brewing company called De Hooiberg thereby changing its name to Heineken, after his own name. In addition to Heineken, which account for 20% of the total sales, Heineken has 170 beer brands including Star, Ochota, Murphy, Moretti, Zywiec, Cruzcampo, Tiger, and Amstel.In the coming of civilization and industrial revolution in the world, Heineken beau monde experienced expansive growth in cost of products, beer brands as well as venturing into other community development activities much(prenominal) as sponsoring sporting events. Meanwhile, the company expanded to become global brewer with tentacles ext subverting to every corner of the world with such branches in western Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East, and Africa. Their key food market areas today include, but not limited to, Germany, Spain, France and Italy.Whilst the size and modus operandi of Heineken Company plainly demonstrate some kind of a noncompetitive structure in the market, it is very clear that its market structure is perfect competition. Situational analysis of how Heineken has come to grow immensely over time clearly shows that Heineken Company has strictly prevailed through the waves of perfect competition only to emerge as a winner in the long run. In the present world of complete competitive environment, Heineken Company has been denied a chance of enjoying monopolistic competition.It is a common attending that in monopolistic competition, there is only one supplier of a particular product in the available market thereby establishing its own stringent market rules with the consumers on the receiving end. The gains and pains of such a market structure culminate into a scenario where the seller grows to a great extent at the expense of the su ffering consumers. The major weakness of Heineken was the stiff competition that they faced among other national brands in the same market.Whereas Heineken established licensing agreements with the local brewing companies which allowed them to maintain some influence in the market, such an influence remained to be very in epoch-making. Other breweries controlled their marketing efforts and prices thereby resulting in a unfeigned problem for Heineken in marketing its brands. Heinekens marketing ambitions to global levels has specifically been restricted by increase globalization because other breweries have taken advantage of time and established their market bases leaving lower-ranking or rather no room for any other competitor no matter how large-scale they are.Even in some markets Heinekens brands are only seen as drinks appropriate for classified make and not common drinks for daily utilization by every Tom, Harry and Dick. Consequently, their marketing objectives to become a universal beer supplier have met significant barriers thereby causing them to rely on perpetual look back of marketing policies and strategies. A number of marketing strategies are clearly manifested in the way Heineken Company achieved their wonderful expansion since its foundation in the nineteenth century.To start with, the extent to which innovation is applied in all the aspects of their product including packaging leaves successful marketing as the only option for the already gigantic seller. Also, they understand their consumers needs at various occasions, their taste, and their dislike. The marketing strategies which are carved on basis of innovation ideas generated from the perceptiveness they have of their consumers, allows them to spread highly fine-tuned policies across the entire supply chain of their brands- right from the raw materials to the end product.Whereas economic extremists may term this as brand narcissism, its cause and effects are justified without a qu ery to the marketing team, vividly manifested by the fact that they have sustained themselves in the market for a long duration of time. The best example is shown by the fact that Heineken has used unique yeast for a long time in their fermentation thus giving every other of their brand a special taste to the consumer. Their quality is excellent and there is no debate about that.There was a gain on the mutual fund portfolio of Heineken Company over the period of approximately one class from April, 2009 to April, 2010. In addition, whilst there was a decrease in consumption of their local beer between 2008 and 2009, there was significant increase in imported brands in the same time period. Their average decrease in beer consumption was 7 percent in that time period.It is rational to assert that Heineken has enjoyed success in beer market over a tremendously long time period. In the meantime, they have had to strengthen their marketing efforts through applying such strategies as ensu ring unique taste and quality of the product, price control as well as increase their coverage (Heineken International, 2005). However the current stiff competition in the market has kept them at an extreme edge leading to a situation where they have to look for better strategies to maintain themselves in the market.